PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DRUG OFFERED AND CURRENT APPROACHES OF TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF MEDICINE IN THE TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER
Peptic ulcer generally occurs when there is an imbalance between aggressive gastric factors (acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori, refluxed bile salts) and defensive mucosal factors (gastric mucosal barrier, bicarbonate secretion, rapid cell turnover, high blood flow). The treatment of peptic ulcer is directed against reduction of aggressive factors or enhancement of mucosal defense of stomach and duodenum with cytoprotective agents.
The whole 19 pages article is available for download at Downloads section of Farmavita.Net
More recently, the role of mucosal factor in peptic ulceration has received much attention and the term "Cytoprotection" was first introduced by Andre Robert in 1979. In general it can be said that there is a plethora of mechanisms of gastric cytoprotection, their relative importance and interdependence being far from clarity. This itself is a point that gastric cytoprotection may be a multifactorial phenomenon. The present paper enumerates the various drug offered used in the treatment of peptic ulcer. Emphazises are made to co-relate the importance of various traditional system of medicine used.
Peptic ulcer disease refers to a group of disorders characterized by circumscribed lesions of the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract (especially the stomach and duodenum). The lesions occur in regions exposed to gastric juices.
Epidemiology
Peptic ulceration is an increasing cause of morbidity. Geographically, though the disease is prevalent throughout the world, incidence is more severe in U.K., U.S.A., and tropical countries like India. It is estimated that approximately 10-15% of world's population has peptic ulcer, with about 16 million cases reported in the United States. There are over 4 million hospitalization / year with about 1.5% of them ending in death.
Incidence
- Peptic ulcer disease is the most common disorder of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
- Duodenal ulcers affect roughly 4-10% of the United States population; gastric ulcers occur in approximately 0.03-0.05% of the population.
- Nearly 80% of peptic ulcers are duodenal; the others are gastric ulcers.
- Most duodenal ulcers appear in people between the ages 20 and 50 years; onset of gastric ulcers usually occurs between the ages 45 and 55 years.
- Duodenal ulcers are twice as common in men as in women; gastric ulcers affect men and women equally.
- Approximately 10-20% of gastric ulcer patients also have concurrent duodenal ulcer.
Manifestations
- Duodenal ulcers almost always develop in the duodenal bulb (the first few centimeters of the duodenum). A few, however, arise between the bulb and the ampulla.
- Gastric ulcers form most commonly in the antrum or at the antral-fundal junction.
- Less common forms of peptic ulcer disease
- Stress ulcers result from serious trauma or illness, major burns, or ongoing sepsis. The most common site of stress ulcer formation is the proximal portion of the stomach.
- Zollinger - Ellison syndrome is a severe form of peptic ulcer disease in which intractable ulcers are accompanied by extreme gastric hyperacidity and at least one gastrinoma (a non-beta islet cell tumor of the pancreas or another site).
- Stomal ulcers (also called marginal ulcers) may arise at the anastosis or immediately distal to it in the small intestine in patients who have undergone ulcer surgery and have experienced subsequent ulcer recurrence after a symptom-free period.
- Drug ulcers occur in patients who chronically ingest substances that damage the gastric mucosa, such as non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
The whole 19 pages article is available for download at Downloads section of Farmavita.Net
Read also at Pharmaceutical Licensing NetworkRelated News Newer news items
Related Items Farmavita.Net - The Pharmaceutical Licensing Network |
Farmavita.Net Journal 
